SPE 304: Educational Planning for Students with Disabilities

In-Text Citations

In-text citations should have:

• the author's (or authors') last name
• the year of publication
• the page number(s), if you're using a direct quote

There are two ways to do in-text citations:

• Parenthetical citations – all citation information is in parentheses

  Ex. Some studies have found that students with disabilities are not always encouraged to go to college (Elmore, Veitch, & Harbor, 2018).

• Narrative citations – citation information is split up

  Ex. Elmore, Veitch, and Harbor (2018) found that students with disabilities are not always encouraged to go to college.

General rules for in-text citations:

• The quotation mark goes before the parentheses
• The period goes after the parentheses
• If the quotation is on just one page, use "p." before the page number. If the quotation spans across two pages, use "pp."

Reference List Citations

Most things in reference list citations should be lowercase - the exceptions are:

• The first letter of the first word of the title
• The first letter of the first word after a colon (see the example below)
• Proper nouns (see the example below)
  • Not sure if something is a proper noun? Google it!

In-text citation

Narrative style in-text citation

Masta (2018) notes that participants in her study were "most at ease interacting with other Native American students" (p. 29).

Parenthetical style in-text citation

Native American students were "most at ease interacting with other Native American students" (Masta, 2018, p. 29).

Reference list

Masta, S. (2018). Strategy and resistance: How Native American students engage in accommodation in mainstream schools. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 49(1), 21-35.

Note: The general format for article citations is:

• The author's (or authors') last name, followed by their first initial (and middle initial, if they choose)
• The publication year
• The article title
• The journal or magazine title, in italics
• The volume number, also in italics
• The issue number, in parentheses but not in italics
• The page numbers

In-text citation

Lederman (2018) notes that although OER can save students money, in many cases, "the institution itself is picking up the costs that were formally borne by the students, through some combination of direct subsidies to instructors to create the content and a loss of textbook revenue to a campus store, among other costs".

Note: In most cases, websites don't have page numbers, so you'll leave them off.

Reference list

Lederman, D. (2018, July 25). Calculating (and acknowledging) the costs of OER. https://www.insidehighered.com/digital-learning/article/2018/07/25/community-college-confronts-costs-open-educational-resources

Note: The general format for website citations is:

• The author's (or authors') last name, followed by their first initial (and middle initial, if they choose)
• The year and day published; if you can't find a date on the webpage, use n.d. in the parentheses
• The website title, in italics
• The URL to the website - make sure not to put a period after the URL

In-text citation

Molly Burke (2025) discusses the recent Los Angeles fires with her boyfriend, noting that she relied on his judgment: "My reality in this fire is different as a blind person" (17:46).

Note: Instead of using page numbers, use timestamps. For example, the quotation above starts 17 minutes and 46 seconds into the video.

Reference list

Burke, M. (2025, January 10). Being blind & escaping the LA fires - My story [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtW6wp4TWcE

Note: Note: The general format for video citations is:

• The creator's last name, first initial - if available. If not, you can use their screen or account name.
• You might also use a producer, director, or studio if a single name isn't available - for example, in the case of a TV show.
• The date the video was produced - the full date if available, and the year if the full date is notavailable
• The name of the video, in italics
• The phrase [Video], not in italics
• If the video is available on a publicly available site, put that site's name (ex. YouTube), followed by the URL
• If the video is available only with a subscription, put "Retrieved from" and the name of the subscription service or database (ex. Academic Video Online).